Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), derived from dietary choline metabolism, enhances CD8 + T cell cytotoxicity via protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)-dependent pyroptosis, despite promoting metastasis in other contexts ( + T memory stem cells through Pink1-mediated mitochondrial regulation ( + T cell function in glucose-deprived TMEs, serving as an alternative energy source through ribose phosphorylation ( 2.9 Integrated signaling networks Microbial metabolites converge on three core signaling axes that unify their immunomodulatory functions: (1) Epigenetic regulation: SCFAs, Trp metabolites, and certain bile acids modulate chromatin accessibility to control immune cell fate decisions
Helps Fight Against Autoimmune Disease Chronic inflammation from an autoimmune disease can increase oxidative stress
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